Table 2 Characteristics of synovial stem, adipose stem, bone marrow stem, and umbilical cord stem-derived EVs for OA
From: The role of extracellular vesicles in osteoarthritis treatment via microenvironment regulation
MSCs-EV | Derivation | Size(nm) | Characteristic | Safety | Dose | Animal model | Efficacy | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S-MSC-EVs | Human | 30–150 | Overexpressionof miR-140-5p | Not mentioned | 100 μL; 1011 EV particles/mL | Rat knee OA model induced by cutting the medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus | Promotes the proliferation and migration of chondrocytes;inhibits the progression of OA | [73] |
Human | 50–200 | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Intravenous injection;8µL; 1.0 × 1010/mL | Collagenase-inducedknee OA mouse model | Promotes the proliferation and migration of chondrocytes; reduces OA progression | [74] | |
Human | 100–120 | Overexpression of miR-155-5p | Not mentioned | Articular cavity injection;30μL;1011EV particles/mL | Mouse OA model induced by cold water stimulation at 4 °C | Promotes chondrocyte proliferation and migration, and ECM secretion, and inhibits apoptosis; reduces OA-related damage; promotes cartilage regeneration | [75] | |
Human | 50–100 | Enrichment of miR-129-5p | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Reduces OA chondrocyte damage and ECM degradation | [76] | |
AD-MSC-EVs | Human | 115–316 | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Anti-inflammatory and antioxidative stress activities | [77] |
Human | 30–150 | Enrichment of miR-100-5p | Not mentioned | Articular cavity injection;10 μL; 1010particles/mL | Induced mouse OA model generated by the destruction of the medial meniscus | Inhibits chondrocyte apoptosis; balances anabolic and catabolic processes | [78] | |
Human | 185–373 | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Anti-inflammatory; regulates chondrocyte metabolism | [79] | |
Human | Average 86.46 | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Articular cavity injection;6µL; 1 × 108 particles | Medial meniscus instability (DMM) mouse OA model | Prevents cartilage degeneration and attenuates OA progression; promotes chondrocyte proliferation and migration; regulates the expression of catabolic and synthetic factors; inhibits macrophage infiltration | [80] | |
BM-MSC-EVs | Rat | Average 100 | Enrichment of miR-135b | Not mentioned | Articular cavity injection;100µL; 1 × 1011 MSC-EV particles/mL | Rat knee OA model induced by cutting the medial collateral ligament and medial meniscus | Regulates cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation; promotes OA cartilage repair | [81] |
Rabbit | 50–150 | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Inhibits chondrocyte apoptosis | [82] | |
Mouse | 105.4–118.6 | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Articular cavity injection;250 ng/5 µL | Collagenase-induced knee OA mouse model | Protects cartilage and bone from degradation | [83] | |
Rat | 50–150 | Enrichment of miR-216a-5p | Not mentioned | Articular cavity injection;200 µL; 200 μg of total sEV protein | Rat OA model induced by cutting the anterior cruciate ligament and eliminating the medial meniscus | Stops cartilage degeneration and attenuates OA progression; promotes chondrocyte proliferation and migration; inhibits apoptosis | [84] | |
hUMSC-EVs | Human | 50–150 | Enrichment of miR-23a-3p | Not mentioned | Articular cavity injection; 10 × 108particles/mL | Rat cartilage defect model | Promotes cartilage regeneration | [85] |
Human | Average 120 | Enrichment of lncRNA H19 | Not mentioned | Articular cavity injection; 200 µL; 1 mg/mL | Rat cartilage defectmodel | Promotes chondrocyte proliferation, matrix secretion, and apoptosis inhibition | [86] | |
Human | Average 120 | 3D cultivation | Not mentioned | Articular cavity injection; 500 μL; 1 × 1010particles/ mL | Rabbit cartilage defect model | Promotes chondrocyte proliferation, matrix secretion, and apoptosis inhibition | [87] |