Fig. 4

hBMSCs attachment, viability and ECM secretion on 3D-printed PCL and PLATMC: a microscopic images showing cytoskeleton immunofluorescence staining after 3 h, 1 day, and 3 days compared to culture plate surface (control); F-actin filaments stained by Phalloidin (red) and nuclei stained by DAPI (blue). b Live/dead stain for seeded cells after 7 and 14 days (z-stacked images). c SEM showing cell adhesion (3 days), and ECM deposition (14 days) and the corresponding EDX characterization to the substrate surface marked with (x). Note the abundant secretion of micron-sized globular accretions marked by YELLOW arrows on PLATMC compared to PCL (14 days), with their Ca and P contents characterized by EDX