Table 2 Applications of gas discrimination using artificial olfactory sensors in various fields

Food science

Detection of beef freshness

Cyranose-320™: MO-based 8 sensor arrays

Principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA)

[45]

Quality assessment of modified-atmosphere packaged poultry meat

MO-based 24 sensor array

PCA, partial least squares (PLS), artificial neural network (ANN)

[90]

Contaminations in tomatoes

EOS835 (Sacmilmola scarl, Italy): MO-based 6 sensor array

PCA, k-nearest network (kNN)

[91]

Descriptive sensory analysis of aged cheddar cheese

Gas chromatography (GC)-based sensor array

PCA

[92]

Portable electronic nose device to determine the freshness of Moroccan sardines

MO-based 6 sensor arrays

PCA, support vector machine (SVM)

[93]

Monitoring of growth of spoilage bacteria in milk

10 MO semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) sensors

PLS

[94]

Freshness monitoring of peach

Structural colorimetric sensors array

Hierarchical classification analysis (HCA)

[95]

Banana ripening

Functional bacteriophage-based colorimetric sensor array

HCA, PCA

[80]

Environmental monitoring

Automobile exhaust

MO-based sensor array

Back-propagation neural network (BPNN)

[96]

Physical discrimination of amine vapor mixtures

Polymer-based thin film transistor (TFT) sensor array

Extracting values from data curves

[97]

BTX (Benzene, toluene, xylene) vapors in Air

SAW sensors

PCA, probabilistic neural networks (PNN)

[98]

NOx urban pollution monitoring

MO-based sensor array

ANN

[99]

Aromatic hazardous chemicals

Functional phage-based colorimetric sensor array

ANN, HCA

[78]

Hydrogen sulfide and nitrous oxide detection

MO sensor array

PCA, discriminant factorial analysis (DFA)

[100]

Highly polluted river

CP sensor array

PCA

[101]

Antibiotics pollution in water

Biomimetic colorimetric sensor

PCA, LDA

[102]

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals detection

Biomimetic colorimetric sensor

PCA, LDA

[103]

Pharmaceutical chemicals discrimination

Biomimetic colorimetric sensor

HCA

[104]

Diagnostics

Breath diagnosis for lung cancer (LC) and lung disease

Quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) sensor array

Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA)

[105]

LC, gastric cancer, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Silicon nanowire sensors

ANN

[106]

Exhaled breath diagnosis for LC

Graphene oxide sensor array

ANN

[107]

Chronic liver disease

Bionote (Commercial e-nose devices) [108]

PLS-DA

[109]

Chronic kidney disease

MO-based 11 sensor arrays

SVM

[110]

LC

Functional phage-based colorimetric sensor array

ANN

[111]

Ventilator associated pneumonia

MO sensors

Logistic regression analysis

[112]