Table 2 Recent commonly used coating techniques to combat inflammation, bacterial colonization, and biofilm formation and their experimental findings
Coating type | Techniques and Materials | Effective for Antibacterial | References |
|---|---|---|---|
Covalent coating of Antibacterial/Antimicrobial coating | In-vivo study of covalent coupling of antimicrobial on Ti-implant surface implanted in mice | Reduction of implant-associated inflammation, enhance cell proliferation and osseointegration | Gerits et al. [98], 2016 |
In-vivo analysis of covalent immobilization of antimicrobial on Ti-implant for the prevention of biofilm formation | Significate reduction of bacterial colonization, enhanced osseointegration both in vitro and in vivo | Kucharíková et al. [99], 2016 | |
Beta-tricalcium (β-TCP) phosphate samples loaded with rifampicin form II and produced in powder form | The antibacterial efficacy against S.aureus is significantly enhanced along with biological performance and compatibility | Topsakal et al. [100], 2020 | |
Antibiotic-loaded Hydrogel coating | Clinical analysis of the antibiotic-loaded fast resorbable hydrogel on in closed fracture fixation procedure for 253 patients | Reduce post-surgical site infection, speeds up wound healing | Malizos et al. [101], 2017 |
In-vivo study to identify the ability of Defensive Antibacterial Coating (DAC) of implants for the prevention of acute bacterial colonization, 30 rabbits observed for 7 days | Vancomycin loaded DAC: prevent infection in the implant site without any side effects | Giavaresi et al. [102], 2014 | |
Both in vivo (in mice) and in vitro study of moxifloxacin (A50) sol–gel with variable antibiotic concentration to prevent bacterial infection in prosthetic joint | The greater concentration of moxifloxacin (A50) demonstrated excellent bactericidal and anti-biofilm response with greater inhibitory effect. Significantly effective against S. aureus, E. coli and S. epidermidis | Aguilera-Correa et al. [103], 2020 | |
Clinical analysis of cementless prosthetic implants coated with antibiotic loaded hydrogel (ALH). The human sample size is 17 | The study shows ALH effectively reduces the infection in prosthetic joint. No significant difference observed in function and prosthetic osseointegration | De Meo. et al. [104], 2020 | |
Silver antimicrobial coating | An in-vitro study of nano-Ag-loaded coating on Ti-implant to analyse the biological performance of the coating | Inhibits bacterial colonization, enhances the proliferation and cell growth around the implant site | Zhang et al. [105], 2018 |
The study evaluates the effectivity of antimicrobial multilayer silver coating techniques that includes the in vivo experiment in which rabbits have methicillin-sensitive S.epidermidis (MSSE) coated in K-wire inserted for 7 days and are scarified for clinical analysis | With the significant enhancement in bacterial inhibition, silver multilayer-coated (SML) implants were free of pathogens and no silver was detected in blood proving the SML coating more effective in combating bacterial infection in implants | Fabritius et al. [106], 2020 |