Table 1 Some of the most recent and widely practiced coating techniques used to enhance osseointegration with experimental finding

Hydroxyapatite (HA) Coating

In situ observance for 7 days, 20–30 µm Hydroxyapatite (HA) coating on bifunctional Ti-implant

Prevention of bacterial growth in an inoculated medium, enhanced adhesion, cell proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation

Liu et al. [37], 2018

In vitro and in vivo study for osteogenesis effect of strontium-substituted HA coating, 12 weeks observation on rabbit radial

10% SrHA coating inspires osteogenesis, effective bone regeneration biomaterial

Li et al. [38], 2017

In vitro experiment on rabbit femora, observed for 12 weeks

Demonstrated enhanced osseointegration, improved antimicrobial properties

Woźniak et al. [39], 2018

In vivo experiment conducted to identify the bone-implant interface and efficacy of electronically deposited HA coating on the interfacial osseointegration

Significant improvement in early-stage osseointegration and enhanced bone-implant bonding

Lu et al. [40], 2020

In vivo experiment conducted on rabbit model and in-vitro study conducted by coating strontium-substituted HA (SrHA) on Ti-implant

Both the in vivo and in vitro experiments showed this SrHA coating promotes osteoblast growth and osteogenesis along with osteoclastogenesis

Geng et al. [41], 2021

Extracellular Matrix (ECM) coating

ECM used as a surface modification of orthopedic implants

Ti-implant is coated with ECM, which improves new bone formation. Enhanced bone-implant interaction

Zhao et al. [42], 2013

Innovative bone-derived Titanium-coating with ECM bone matrix components (type I collagen), implanted in the distal femur of a white rabbit. Comparing coated and uncoated implants for 45 and 90 days

Increased integration by proposed surface coating. Enhance the stable fixation of implants

Cecconi et al. [43],2014

Ti-implant is coated with ECM proteins

The coated implants increased their hydrophilicity and conclude that the use of ECM visa atmospheric plasma enhances cell adhesion, proliferation

Tan et al. [44], 2019

Both the in vitro and in vivo evaluation of biomimetic Ti-implant coated with mineralized ECM obtained via bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell culture

The result concluded that this biomimetic Ti-implant speeds up the osteogenesis of bone marrow stromal cell via cell proliferation

Wu et al. [45], 2020

C. Magnesium (Mg) coating

Mg-containing ceramic coating on Ti-implant to reduce the inflammatory response

Effective as anti-inflammatory agents, Mediates osteogenesis

Li et al. [46], 2018

In vivo analysis of Mg-based bone implant (screw), implanted in goat femoral condyle fracture fixation, studied effect for 18 months

Demonstrates higher osteogenic factor level, promotes the new bone formation

Kong, Wang [47], 2018

Analysis of antibacterial effect on Ti-implant coated with Mg, placed in the human osteoblast and S. epidermidis culture

A promising material for antibacterial action on the implants reduced corrosion ratio

Zaatreh et al. [48], 2017

In vitro study of the addition of Mg on Ti-implant by micro-arc oxidation method

The samples analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy demonstrated Mg is well coated in Ti-implant. This nano-coating enhance cell proliferation, osseointegration and cell adhesion

Li et al. [49], 2020

Chitosan coating

In vivo study of carboxymethyl chitosan-zinc for prevention of infection in24 male rabbits up to 2-4 weeks

Prevention of early infection, effective in the prevention of pin tract inflammation

Martin et al. [50], 2018

In vitro analysis of gallium-modified chitosan coating on Ti-implants to enhance the implant function

This process limits the bacterial colonization, adhesion and sustains osseointegration capability

Bonifacio et al. [51], 2018

The Ti-implant coated with the chitosan Ag and HA composite nano- coating via electrochemical deposition method

This demonstrated the enhanced abilities of antibiosis, osteointegration between the implants and bone

Wang et al. [52], 2019