Fig. 8

a Schematic representation of the two-compartment recirculation dialysis system with PCD as the adsorbent (a dialysate-recycled mode). Reproduced with permission [56]. Copyright 2018, Elsevier. b Scheme of a hemodialysis system in a once-through mode (the dialysate passed through hemodialysis system without recirculated usage). Reproduced with permission [57]. Copyright 2020, Elsevier