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Table 1 Pharmacotherapy in IUA

From: Recent trends in therapeutic strategies for repairing endometrial tissue in intrauterine adhesion

Medicine

Therapeutic effects

Side effects

Reference

Hormone

Estrogen

Improves endometrium repair (first-line)

Thrombosis; nausea

[9,10,11]

Progesterone

Sequential use with estrogen; induces endometrial stromal cell proliferation and differentiation, and promotes endometrial decidualization

Chest pain, fever, dizziness, nausea

[12]

Growth hormone

Plays a synergistic role with estrogen; improves the sensitivity of receptors on the endometrium to estrogen

Increased insulin resistance, edema, joint and muscle pain

[13]

Vasoactive agents

Aspirin

Inhibits endometrial fibrosis by suppressing the TGF-β1-Smad2/Smad3 pathway; promotes angiogenesis and enhances endometrial receptivity inhibits platelet aggregation, preventing microthrombus

Irritation of the stomach or gut, nausea, indigestion

[14,15,16,17,18]

Nitroglycerine

Increases subendometrial blood flow velocity

Headache, dizziness, lightheadedness, nausea, and flushing

[19]

Sildenafil

Enhances the uterine blood flow, improves ovulation success rate

Headaches, flushing and hypotension

[20, 21]

Traditional Chinese medicine

Herbs

Promotes blood circulation, removes blood-stasis

Unknow

[22]

Acupuncture

Promotes blood circulation

Unknow

[23]

Antibiotics

Individualized

Active or prophylactic treatment of reproductive system infection

Antibiotic resistance,

[24, 25]