Fig. 12

3D Bioprinting a human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived mesenchymal stem cell (hiMSC)-loaded scaffold for repair of the uterine endometrium [116]. Characterization of the 3D-printed hydrogel scaffold and iMSC-loaded hydrogel scaffold. (A) Observation of the cell-free hydrogel scaffold (a) and the cell-loaded hydrogel scaffold (b: 24 h after printing; c: 7 days of culture after printing). (B) Mechanical properties of the bioink hydrogel scaffold compared with those of endometrial tissue over the 120-min test period. (C) Morphological assessment of the regenerated endometrium. (D) Receptivity analysis of the regenerated endometrium: (a–j) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images and (k) quantification of pinopodes on the surface of the regenerated endometrium on the fifth day after conception in animals from all the groups after endometrial regeneration. (l, m) ELISA results at 15 days and 1 month after surgery. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [116]