From: Polyphenols-loaded electrospun nanofibers in bone tissue engineering and regeneration
Polyphenol Additives | Polymeric Composite with Additives and their Labels | Electrospinning Method and the Nanofiber Diameter Distribution | In Vitro / In Vivo Biological Source | Salient Outcomes | References |
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Curcumin | PCL-curcumin (CU0, CU1, and CU5) | Conventional method/ CU0: 840 ± 130 nm CU1: 827 ± 129 nm CU5: 680 ± 110 nm | In vitro: MC3T3-E1 mouse pre-osteoblasts; 1, 5 and 10 days | CU1 nanofibers showed significant osteogenesis leading to mineralization compared to CU0 and CU5 nanofibers. | Jain et al. (2016) [94] |
Curcumin | 4-arm PCL-(Zn-curcumin)/ PVA-CMCh-GO (N1, N2, N3, N4, and N5) | Coaxial method/ N1: 205 ± 92 nm N2: 186 ± 78 nm N3: 174 ± 56 nm N4: 153 ± 31 nm N5: 156 ± 34 nm | In vitro: MG-63 human osteoblasts; 7 and 14 days. | The experimental nanofiber (N4) showed an increased ALP activity, enhanced matrix mineralization, and reduced post-operative infection. | Sedghi et al. (2018) [95] |
Catechin (Cat) | PCL-Cat | Conventional method/ PCL: 200 ± 150 nm PCL-Cat: 200 ± 150 nm | In vivo: critical-sized calvarial bone defect mouse model; 4 mm defect size; 8 weeks Control (no treat), PCL scaffold, PCL-Cat, PCL-hADSC, and PCL-Cat-hADSC groups | PCL-Cat-hADSC demonstrated a high bone coverage and bone volume than other groups on 8 weeks of post-transplantation (p < 0.01 vs. control; p < 0.05 vs. PCL) | Lee et al. (2017) [96] |
Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-epigallocatechin gallate (POSS-EGCG) | Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-POSS-EGCG (PVDF, PE02, PE04, and PE06) | Conventional method/ PVDF: 1033 ± 270 nm PE02: 971 ± 262 nm PE04: 936 ± 223 nm PE06: 1094 ± 394 nm | MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts; 3, 5, 7, and 14 days; 1 × 104 cells | POSS-EGCG conjugation improved bioactivity of PVDF nanofiber; PE06 showed maximum ALP activity and improved bone mineralization (p < 0.05 vs. PVDF). | Jeong et al. (2019) [97] |
Zinc quercetin-phenanthroline (Zn + Q(PHt)) | PCL-gelatin- (Zn + Q(PHt)) | Conventional method/ PCL-gelatin: 260–500 nm PCL-gelatin-(Zn + Q(PHt)): 250–600 nm | In vitro: MG-63 osteoblast-like cells; 3 and 7 days | PCL-gelatin-(Zn + Q(PHt)) scaffold showed more relative ALP activity than PCL-gelatin on 3 and 7 days of post-treatment; Runx2 and type 1 collagen mRNAs expression were also found more significant in PCL-gelatin-(Zn + Q(PHt)) scaffold. | Preeth et al. (2021) [98] |
Resveratrol (RSV) | PCL-RSV and PLA-RSV | Conventional method/ PCL-RSV: 0.97 ± 0.45 μm PLA-RSV: 0.45–1.20 μm | In vitro: STRO-1 positive stem cells (STRO-1+ cells); 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days | Both materials exhibited the same level of osteoinductive capacity; Only PLA-RSV induced expression of osteoblasts inhibiting osteoclast differentiation. | Riccitiello et al. (2018) [99] |
Icariin (ICA) | PG: PCL-gelatin nanofiber without drug PGM: nanofiber with MOX PGI: nanofiber with ICA PGMI: nanofiber with MOX-ICA | Coaxial method/ PG: 0.4–0.8 μm PGM: 0.4–0.8 μm PGI: 0.7–1 μm PGMI: 0.7–1 μm | In vitro: MC3T3-E1 cells; 7, 14, and 21 days In vivo: New Zealand White rabbits; 2.5 kg bw; 3 groups; 1, 2, and 3 months | PGI promoted a significant ALP secretion among all the fiber membranes, whereas PGMI demonstrated a higher expression of OCN and COL I. PGMI group displayed a high quality of bone formation compared to untreated and PG groups at 3 months of post-surgery. | Gong et al. (2019) [100] |
Icariin | PCL-gelatin-icariin (PGI0, PGI0.005, PGI0.01, PGI0.05, PGI0.1, and PGI0.5) | Conventional method/ PGI0: 0.26 ± 0.06 μm PGI0.005: 0.19 ± 0.05 μm PGI0.01: 0.17 ± 0.04 μm PGI0.05: 0.16 ± 0.05 μm PGI0.1: 0.17 ± 0.04 μm PGI0.5: 0.16 ± 0.04 μm | In vitro: MC3T3-E1 cells; 14 and 21 days | PGI0.05 efficiently enhanced the expression of ALP, OCN, COL 1, and calcium deposition compared to other scaffolds. | Gong et al. (2018) [101] |