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Table 2 The preparation method of polyphenol-loaded electrospun nanofiber, nanofiber diameter distribution, and their contribution to bone tissue engineering are listed

From: Polyphenols-loaded electrospun nanofibers in bone tissue engineering and regeneration

Polyphenol Additives

Polymeric Composite with Additives and their Labels

Electrospinning Method and the Nanofiber Diameter Distribution

In Vitro / In Vivo Biological Source

Salient Outcomes

References

Curcumin

PCL-curcumin (CU0, CU1, and CU5)

Conventional method/

CU0: 840 ± 130 nm

CU1: 827 ± 129 nm

CU5: 680 ± 110 nm

In vitro: MC3T3-E1 mouse pre-osteoblasts; 1, 5 and 10 days

CU1 nanofibers showed significant osteogenesis leading to mineralization compared to CU0 and CU5 nanofibers.

Jain et al. (2016) [94]

Curcumin

4-arm PCL-(Zn-curcumin)/ PVA-CMCh-GO (N1, N2, N3, N4, and N5)

Coaxial method/

N1: 205 ± 92 nm

N2: 186 ± 78 nm

N3: 174 ± 56 nm

N4: 153 ± 31 nm

N5: 156 ± 34 nm

In vitro: MG-63 human osteoblasts; 7 and 14 days.

The experimental nanofiber (N4) showed an increased ALP activity, enhanced matrix mineralization, and reduced post-operative infection.

Sedghi et al. (2018) [95]

Catechin (Cat)

PCL-Cat

Conventional method/

PCL: 200 ± 150 nm

PCL-Cat: 200 ± 150 nm

In vivo: critical-sized calvarial bone defect mouse model; 4 mm defect size; 8 weeks

Control (no treat), PCL scaffold, PCL-Cat, PCL-hADSC, and PCL-Cat-hADSC groups

PCL-Cat-hADSC demonstrated a high bone coverage and bone volume than other groups on 8 weeks of post-transplantation (p < 0.01 vs. control; p < 0.05 vs. PCL)

Lee et al. (2017) [96]

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane-epigallocatechin gallate (POSS-EGCG)

Poly(vinylidene fluoride)-POSS-EGCG

(PVDF, PE02, PE04, and PE06)

Conventional method/

PVDF: 1033 ± 270 nm

PE02: 971 ± 262 nm

PE04: 936 ± 223 nm

PE06: 1094 ± 394 nm

MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts; 3, 5, 7, and 14 days; 1 × 104 cells

POSS-EGCG conjugation improved bioactivity of PVDF nanofiber; PE06 showed maximum ALP activity and improved bone mineralization (p < 0.05 vs. PVDF).

Jeong et al. (2019) [97]

Zinc quercetin-phenanthroline (Zn + Q(PHt))

PCL-gelatin- (Zn + Q(PHt))

Conventional method/

PCL-gelatin: 260–500 nm

PCL-gelatin-(Zn + Q(PHt)): 250–600 nm

In vitro: MG-63 osteoblast-like cells; 3 and 7 days

PCL-gelatin-(Zn + Q(PHt)) scaffold showed more relative ALP activity than PCL-gelatin on 3 and 7 days of post-treatment; Runx2 and type 1 collagen mRNAs expression were also found more significant in PCL-gelatin-(Zn + Q(PHt)) scaffold.

Preeth et al. (2021) [98]

Resveratrol (RSV)

PCL-RSV and PLA-RSV

Conventional method/

PCL-RSV: 0.97 ± 0.45 μm

PLA-RSV: 0.45–1.20 μm

In vitro: STRO-1 positive stem cells (STRO-1+ cells); 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days

Both materials exhibited the same level of osteoinductive capacity; Only PLA-RSV induced expression of osteoblasts inhibiting osteoclast differentiation.

Riccitiello et al. (2018) [99]

Icariin (ICA)

PG: PCL-gelatin

nanofiber without drug

PGM: nanofiber with MOX

PGI: nanofiber with ICA

PGMI: nanofiber with MOX-ICA

Coaxial method/

PG: 0.4–0.8 μm

PGM: 0.4–0.8 μm

PGI: 0.7–1 μm

PGMI: 0.7–1 μm

In vitro: MC3T3-E1 cells; 7, 14, and 21 days

In vivo: New Zealand White rabbits; 2.5 kg bw; 3 groups; 1, 2, and 3 months

PGI promoted a significant ALP secretion among all the fiber membranes, whereas PGMI demonstrated a higher expression of OCN and COL I.

PGMI group displayed a high quality of bone formation compared to untreated and PG groups at 3 months of post-surgery.

Gong et al. (2019) [100]

Icariin

PCL-gelatin-icariin

(PGI0, PGI0.005, PGI0.01, PGI0.05, PGI0.1, and PGI0.5)

Conventional method/

PGI0: 0.26 ± 0.06 μm

PGI0.005: 0.19 ± 0.05 μm

PGI0.01: 0.17 ± 0.04 μm

PGI0.05: 0.16 ± 0.05 μm

PGI0.1: 0.17 ± 0.04 μm

PGI0.5: 0.16 ± 0.04 μm

In vitro: MC3T3-E1 cells; 14 and 21 days

PGI0.05 efficiently enhanced the expression of ALP, OCN, COL 1, and calcium deposition compared to other scaffolds.

Gong et al. (2018) [101]