Fig. 6

Gene expressions associated with M1 phenotype in LPS-unstimulated and LPS-stimulated macrophages treated with various molecular weights and concentrations of HyA. Macrophages were treated with various molecular weights of HyA (10 and 100 µg/mL) and 1 h later with LPS (100 ng/mL) for a 23- hour. GAPDH was used as a control. A TNF-α, B IL-6, C IL-1β and D CCL2 mRNA expressions were measured by RT-PCR. Data are expressed as the mean ± S.D. and are expressed as the relative fold increase. Untreated: control; LMW-10: low molecular weight of HyA (10 kDa); MMW-100: medium molecular weight of HyA (100 kDa); MMW-500: medium molecular weight of HyA (500 kDa); HMW-1,500: high molecular weight of HyA (1,500 kDa). Values are the mean ± S.D. of 9 experiments for n = 4. The statistical significance of the differences was set to *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001, HyA vs. LPS. (Concentration of HyA, blank: 10 µg/mL; filled: 100 µg/mL)