Table 1 Mechanisms of interaction reported for biomolecules onto iron oxide nanoparticles
Target biomolecule | Nanoparticle type and size | Interaction mechanism | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
AMINO ACIDS, PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS | |||
Transferrin | Bare/PVA coated IONPs (5–10 nm) | By affinity using iron binding sites | [8] |
Lysine | IONPs (9.7 ± 1.5 nm and 14 nm) | Through the carboxylic group and molecular associates at high concentrations | |
Aspartic acid | IONPs (9.7 ± 1.5 nm) | Both carboxyl groups attached to the surface, through the side carboxyl group and associates. | [60] |
Glycine | IONPs (14 nm) | Via carboxyl group in ionic or bidentate coordination | [61] |
Glutamic acid | IONPs (14 nm) | Bridging mechanism by the α- or the side chain carboxyl group | |
Serine | IONPs (14 nm) | Formation of ionic or bidentate bridging complexes | |
L-arginine, L-lysine L-glutamine and glycine | IONPs (NA) | Electrostatic interactions | [141] |
Homo-peptides | IONPs (14 nm) | Electrostatic interactions | [95] |
Plasma proteins | Azaleic acid coated IONPs (10 nm) | Hydrophobic interactions | [54] |
Glu8 peptides | BION (5–20 nm) | Carboxylate groups | [77] |
FATTY ACIDS AND OTHER LIPIDS | |||
Sodium oleate | IONPs (10 nm) | Bidentate coordination: carboxylate group of sodium oleate and hydroxyl groups of the IONP surface. | [80] |
Ionic interaction of carboxylic groups on the secondary layer | |||
Oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, and linoleic acid | IONPs (8 nm) | Covalent binding | [132] |
Multilipids, including DSPE-mPEG and DSPE-PEG-PDP | Oleic acid coated IONPs | Hydrophobic interactions between the oleic acid tails and DSPEPEG tails (lipid stitching) | [133] |
(10–30 nm) | |||
DOTAP | IONPs | Hydrophobic, van der Waals and magnetic dipolar force forming a bilayer | [21] |
(11 ± 1.3 nm) | |||
NUCLEIC ACIDS | |||
DNA | IONPs (15.3 nm) | Hydrogen bonds | [16] |
ODN | TRIS coated IONPs (2.6 nm) | Electrostatic interactions: hydroxylic groups and phosphate | [17] |
pDNA | Silica coated IONPs (9.8 nm) | Electrostatic interactions: hydroxylic groups and phosphate | [17] |
DNA | IONPs | Electrostatic interactions with phosphate | [123] |
Salmon DNA | Silica coated IONPs (70 nm) | Electrostatic interactions | [142] |
DNA | Amino functionalized silica coated IONPs (25 nm) | Electrostatic interactions | [143] |
(amino groups and phosphate backbone) | |||
CARBOHYDRATES | |||
Chitosan | IONPs (11 nm) | Electrostatic interactions | [112] |
Alginate | |||
Polysaccharides | IONPs (8.41 ± 0.94 nm) | NA | [23] |