Table 2 Summary for the features of non-carbon nanomaterials to construct electrochemical biosensors
From: Electrochemical biosensors: perspective on functional nanomaterials for on-site analysis
Materials | Advantage | Limitations | Feature | Limit of detection | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Metallic nanoparticles | Efficient electron transfer Increase in S/V Supplying superior conductivity Good biocompatibility Easy functionalization | Electrical instability in high salt concentration Inconsistent upon signal amplification | Electrode (AuNPs) | CEA 0.01 pM | [65] |
Electrode (AgNPs) | PSA 0.1 pM | [73] | |||
Label (Fe3O4/Ag/Au) | IgG 0.33 fM | [74] | |||
Label (PtNPs) | Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) 0.001 pM | [66] | |||
Label (Pt/Cu NPs) | PSA 0.55 fM | [75] | |||
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) | High pore volume and surface area Good electron transfer and high loading capability Well-defined surface properties Tunability of size and shape | Difficult in preparation of well-ordered Scattered size distribution Formulation of stable-colloidal suspensions | Label (MSN/Au) | PSA 0.01 pM | [76] |
Label (MSN/Au/Ru) | p53 22.8 fM | [77] | |||
Label (MSN/Ag) | N6-methyladenosine (m6A) 0.078 nM | [78] | |||
Nanowire | High S/V Rapid response High electro-catalytic capability and reproducibility Improvement of the charge transfer and stability | Decrease in electrostatic potential with distance | Electrode (Ag) | IgG 0.03 pM | [67] |
Label (Pt) | hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) 0.14 fM | [79] | |||
Electrode (Cu2O) | AFP 0.0015 fM | [80] | |||
Electrode (Si) | cardiac troponin I (cTnI) 0.14 pM | [81] | |||
ITO | Low cost / High transmittance Good electrical conductivity Ease of surface modification | Slow kinetics of electron- transfer upon coating surface with antibodies | Electrode (ITO/PET) | Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 0.83 fM | [82] |
Electrode (ITO) | Creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) 0.24 fM | [83] | |||
Electrode (ITO/Au) | Guanine 250 nM | [84] | |||
Electrode (ITO) | microRNA 2.0 fM | [85] | |||
Organic polymer | High-throughput Low-cost Good flexibility, functionality, solubility, and specificity | Need to reproducibility of thin-film morphology Chance to physical delamination High operating voltages Uncertainties in material stability | Electrode (5, 2′:5′,2″-terthiophene-3′-carboxylic acid) | Glutamate 0.1 μM | [86] |
Electrode (polypyrrole) | Serotonin 0.03 μM | [87] | |||
Electrode (poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) | Dopamine 0.22 μM | [88] |