From: Electrochemical biosensors: perspective on functional nanomaterials for on-site analysis
Materials | Advantage | Limitations | Feature | Limit of detection | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SWCNT | Large surface area to volume ratio (S/V) Low charge-carried density Delocalized π-orbitals Electrical conductivity improvements | Limited surface to interface with large biological components Nonspecific adsorption of protein Difficult manipulation during sensor fabrication process Difficult chemical functionalization | Electrode | DeoxyriboNucleic acid (DNA) 71 pM | [13] |
Electrode | Glucose 7.06 μA/mM | [14] | |||
Electrode | aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) 0.01 nM | [15] | |||
Electrode | Anti-IgG 0.2 pM | [16] | |||
MWCNT | Excellent conducting and electro-catalytic properties | Need to functionalize surface for increasing biocompatibility Irreversible agglomerates in aqueous solution | Electrode | Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) 0.0055 fM | [17] |
Electrode | Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) 0.05 pM | [9] | |||
Electrode | Prostate specific antigen (PSA) 0.11 fM | [18] | |||
Electrode | Mouse IgG 0.066 pM | [19] | |||
Label | PSA 0.13 pM | [20] | |||
Graphene | High S/V Large active sites Fast electron transfer High thermal conductivity Better mechanical flexibility Good biocompatibility | Hard to dissolve in water | Electrode | dibutyl phthalate (DBP) 0.025 μM | [21] |
Electrode | PSA 0.33 pM | [22] | |||
Electrode | Cystatin C 0.002 nM | [23] | |||
Label | Cry1C 0.02 pM | [24] | |||
Label | CEA 0.003 pM | [25] |