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Table 1 Several parameters of recently developed nature-derived photocrosslinkable biomaterials for 3D printing

From: Recent advances in the development of nature-derived photocrosslinkable biomaterials for 3D printing in tissue engineering

Major biomaterial(s)

Photoinitiator

Curing parameter

Shape fidelity

Printing resolution

Printing method /Construct size

Cell type

Reference

Intensity

[mW /cm2]

Curing time [sec]

Compressive modulus

Storage modulus

UV light-based

HAMA & GelMA

Irgacure 2959

N/A

30, 90

~ 9 kPa

N/A

800 μm

Extrusion /10 mm × 10 mm × 1.2 mm

BAP, WAP

33

PECMA

Irgacure 2959

7

160

N/A

~ 2.6 kPa

N/A

Extrusion /8 mm × 8 mm × 4.5 mm

hNDFs

35

SilMA

LAP

30

4

~ 125 kPa

~ 25 kPa

66 μm (circle)

90 μm (square)

142 μm (height)

Light-assisted /25 mm × 25 mm × 50 mm

Chondrocyte

5

Collagen

Riboflavin

1200

10

N/A

~ 2 kPa

900–1100 μm

Extrusion /25 mm × 25 mm × 0.4 mm

Chondrocyte

39

dECM

Riboflavin

30

180

~ 15 kPa

10–30 kPa

114–860 μm

Extrusion /N/A

CPCs

41, 44

Visible light-based

Aneroin

Ru(II)bpy32+

2000

10

~ 6400 kPa

N/A

100–950 μm

Extrusion /35 mm × 50 mm × 18 mm

MSCs

12

Gtn-HPA

Ru(II)bpy32+

N/A

10, 20, 30

~ 55 kPa

N/A

N/A

Extrusion /N/A

COS-7

49

  1. Abbreviation: HAMA methacrylated hyaluronic acid, GelMA methacrylated gelatin, PECMA Pectin methacrylate, SilMA chemically modified silk fibroin by glycidyl methacrylate; dECM decellularized extracellular matrix, Aneroin, sea anemone-derived silk-like protein, Gtn-HPA gelatin-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid conjugate LAP lithium phenyl(2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphinate, N/A not available, BAP brown adipose progenitor cells, WAP white adipose progenitor cells, hNDFs human neonatal dermal fibroblasts, CPCs cardiac progenitor cells, MSCs mesenchymal stem cells; COS-7 kidney cells derived from the African green monkey