Table 2 Examples of mitochondria-targeting theranostic nanostructures

Drug-loadable TPP-C NPs

TPP

Doxorubicin (model drug)

coumarin

Antitumor activity

Fluorescence imaging

Self-assembled NPs of chemical conjugates

[36]

PEG-(PhA)₂ (PPA) NPs

Pheophorbide a (PhA)

PhA

PhA

ROS-mediated tumor cell killing

Fluorescence Imaging

M-T-D 3-in-1 typed

NPs,

Self-assembled NPs of chemical conjugates

[37]

PPA_n-TPCL_4-n mixed NPs of PEG-(PhA)₂ (PPA) and TPP-b-PCL-b-TPP (TPCL)

PhA, TPP

PhA

PhA

ROS-mediated tumor cell killing

Fluorescence Imaging

M-T-D 3-in-1 typed NPs,

Self-assembled NPs of chemical conjugates,

Dual M type

[37]

TICT

TPP

IR780, Ce6

IR780, Ce6

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) & Photothermal therapy (PTT)

Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging

T-D 2-in-1 typed NPs

[38]

IR-780-PEG-b-polyMTOS NPs

A methacrylic derivative of α-tocopheryl succinate (MTOS)

MTOS, IR-780

IR-780

MTOS-mediated apoptosis, IR-780-mediated PDT & PTT

NIR fluorescence imaging

M-T 2-in-1 & T-D 2-in-1 typed NPs

[39]

TAT-Ppa-UNCPs

TAT peptide (YGRKKRRQRRR)

Pyropheophorbide a (Ppa)

Ppa

ROS-mediated tumor cell killing

NIR fluorescence imaging

T-D 2-in-1 typed NPs

[40]

CDs-RB

Carbon dots (CD) composed of chitosan, ethylenediamine, and mercaptosuccinic acid

Rose Bengal (RB)

CD

ROS-mediated tumor cell killing

Fluorescence Imaging

M-D 2-in-1 typed NPs

[41]

Cdot-TPP-SNO

TPP

Cdot

Nitric oxide (NO)

NO-induced apoptosis

Fluorescence Imaging

NPs

[42]

ICG-loaded MMCNs

TPP

Indocyanine green (ICG)

ICG,

Fe₃O₄

ICG-mediated PDT & PTT

NIR fluorescence imaging, Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging

Bimodal imaging NPs

[43]

C3N4-Fe-TPP NF/MB

TPP

Methylene blue (MB)

Fe^III, MB

PDT

Fluorescence imaging, MR imaging

NSs

[44]