Fig. 1

When subjected to stretching, osteoblasts cultured on nanogrooves lose their alignment along the groove direction. Box-Whisker plot of the cell alignment on varying substrates (smooth control, microgroove, nanogroove) without or with stretching. Cell alignment on the microgrooves was not affected by 8 % stretching, while on nanogrooves cell alignment was lost due to the stretching. *: p < 0.001 compared with the smooth control (reprinted from Prodanov et al. [30] with permission from Elsevier)