| Biopolymer | Hydrogel formation | Cuboidal hydrogel formation | Electrophoretic hybrid formation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Agarose | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| Gelatin | ○ | ○ | ○ |
| Carrageenan | ○ | ○ | × |
| Xanthan gum | ○ | ○ | × |
| Alginate | ○ (with divalent cations) | × | × |
| Pectin | ○ (with divalent cations) | × | × |
| Hyaluronic acid | × | × | × |