Fig. 3

Morphology, biophysics and biomechanics of differentiating preosteoblasts. SEM a, b, c, d and AFM scanning e, f, g, h images of differentiating preosteoblasts on days 1, 3, 7, and 14 (100 × 100 μm scale). The obtained data were processed using JPK software. Quantitative data of i average cell height, j cell spreading area, k surface roughness, and l cell stiffness (E). Results are mean ± SD of one triplicate approach that is representative of three independent experiments. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, or * p < 0.05 is marked as a statistically significant difference