Scheme 1
From: Engineered biomaterials for development of nucleic acid vaccines
Induction of cellular and humoral immunity by DNA vaccine. (1) transportation to APC, (2) endocytosis, (3) endosomal escape and release of nucleic acid, (4) entry into nucleus, (5) expression of antigen, (6) antigen processing and presentation through MHC, (7) activation of CD4+ (help T-cells, TH) and CD8+ T cells (cytotoxic T-cells, CTL), (8) stimulation of the differentiation of B cells.