Fig. 2

a The self-assembly behavior of peptides can be controlled by changing their primary (amino acid sequence) and secondary (e.g., α-helix, β-sheet, and β-hairpin) structures. b Schematic illustration of the chemical design of the assembling precursor that undergoes reduction-triggered self-assembly to form supramolecular assemblies with multivalent ligand presentation for tumor targeting. Reprinted with permission from ref. [33]; Copyright 2020, Wiley. c Schematic illustrations of the self-assembly process and furin detection. Reprinted with permission from ref. [34, 35]; Copyright 2019, American Chemical Society. d Schematic mechanistic pathways of bacteria-induced formation of peptide nanonets. Reprinted with permission from ref. [34, 36]; Copyright 2022, Wiley