Fig. 5

HA for skeletal muscle tissue engineering (SMTE) and neural engineering. A 3D printing of HAMA for SMTE. Reprinted (adapted) with permission from [64]. Copyright 2021, American Chemical Society. B 3D bioprinted neural tissue scaffold for in vivo spinal cord injury repair. (I) Schematic of neural stem cell (NSC)-loaded bioprinted scaffold. (II) Photographs of 3D bioprinted neural tissue scaffold and implantation into the lesion area of spinal cord injury rat model [65]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. License Number: 5620791313738. C Perfusion of neurotrophic factors (BDNF, 20% GDNF) in 3D printed HA scaffold with a large number of interconnections between neurons and astrocytes [180]. Copyright 2022, the Authors. Published by Frontiers. Based on Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). D Neural precursor cells cultured in HA-based hydrogel composite for 3 months with well-aligned HIPSC-derived neural clusters surrounded by astrocytes [181]. Copyright 2022, Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. E. HA hydrogel-loaded exosome treatment for sciatic nerve injury in rat model [182]. Copyright 2022, the Authors. Published by Frontiers. Based on Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY)