Table 2 Targeted phototherapy based on molecular expression characterization of RA effector cells

FLS

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor

VIP

VIP-ATO-GPx/CuS@HA

808 nm, 0.5 W/cm²

in vitro, in vivo

CIA mouse

Inhibited FLS energy metabolism and synergized with PTT and CDT to induce FLS apoptosis, achieving inhibition of synovial inflammation and bone and cartilage destruction

[163]

CD44

HA

HA@RFM@PB@SE NPs

808 nm, 1 W/cm²

in vitro, in vivo

AIA rat

Chemotherapy and PTT synergistically inhibited FLS proliferation and alleviated joint inflammation

[160]

fibroblast activation protein (FAP)

Anti-FAP antibody 28H1

28H1-700DX

690 nm, 17.6 or 52 J/cm²

in vitro, in vivo

CIA mouse

Targeted FAP-positive FLS and induced cell death via PDT to alleviate joint inflammation

[162]

Activated Macrophages

Folate receptor β

Folate

FAGMs

808 nm, 1 W/cm²

in vitro, in vivo

AIA rat

Chemotherapy synergized with PTT to eradicate activated macrophages, attenuate joint inflammatory cell infiltration and cartilage damage, and reduce serum inflammatory factor levels

[164]

Folate receptor β

Methotrexate (MTX)

Au-DEN-MTX-IR780 NP

808 nm, 0.5 W/cm²

in vitro

-

Chemotherapy and PTT synergistically induced ROS generation and activated macrophages death

[165]

CD44

HA

Pd@Se-HA NPs

808 nm, 0.5 W/cm²

in vitro, in vivo

CIA mouse

Suppressed macrophage infiltration, ROS production, and cytokine-mediated joint inflammation

[161]

Scavenger receptor

Dextran sulfate (DS)

QRu-PLGA-RES-DS NPs

808 nm, 0.4 W/cm²

in vitro, in vivo

CIA mouse

PAI for RA diagnosis, photothermal modulation of resveratrol (RES) release, increased M2/M1 macrophage ratio, and alleviation of joint inflammation

[166]

endothelial cell

Rvβ3 integrin

RGD

Pd-Cys@MTX@RGD nanosheets

808 nm, 0.3 W/cm²

in vitro, in vivo

CIA mouse

PAI for RA diagnosis, PTT and MTX synergistically inhibited the inflammatory response induced by VEGF and IL-1β, and protected articular cartilage

[167]