Table 1 Phototherapy-based antibacterial bone scaffolds
Antibacterial strategy | Implant | Tested bacteria | Animal species | Research stages | Laser | Outcome | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PTT/PDT | TiO2/MoSe2/CHI-coated Ti implant | Streptococcus mutans | rat | in vitro, in vivo | 808 nm, 0.6 W/cm2 | Antibacterial; disrupted biofilm, and promoted implant osseointegration in Streptococcus mutans -infected tibia | [76] |
| Â | SPEEK-GO-BFP | S. aureus, E. coli | rabbit | in vitro, in vivo | 808 nm, 0.5 W/cm2 | PTT and PDT synergistically killed bacteria; promoted MC3T3 cells proliferation, migration, adhesion, and osteogenic differentiation, accelerated implant osseointegration at femoral defects | [77] |
PTT/PDT/CDT | CuS@GP-CS/Fu ENFC | S. aureus, E. coli | - | in vitro | 980 nm, 1.25 W/cm2 | Antibacterial; released Cu2+ and fucoidan (Fu) to promote ALP expression and calcium nodule formation in 7F2 osteoblasts | [78] |
PTT/chemotherapy | PLLA/ZIF-8@GO | S. aureus, E. coli | - | in vitro | 808 nm, 1.0 W/cm2 | Scaffolds synergistically antibacterial and disrupted biofilms via PTT and Zn2+; promoted proliferation of MG-63 osteoblasts | [79] |
PTT/PDT/chemotherapy | CuS@BSA/rGO-PDA-coated Ti implant | S. aureus, E. coli | rat | in vitro, in vivo | 808nm, 2.0 W/cm2 | Resisted bacterial infection of bone tissue and disrupted biofilm, promoted vascularized bone regeneration | [80] |
PTT/chemotherapy/physical puncture | TNS-MPN-AMP-coated Ti implant | S. aureus, E. coli | rat | in vitro, in vivo | 808 nm, 0.5 W/cm2 | Physical puncture, AMP release, and PTT synergistic anti-infection; promoted adhesion of MC3T3-E1 cells and formation of hydroxyapatite on the implant surface | [81] |
PTT/PDT/chemotherapy/physical puncture | TiO2:FYH/Cur/BMP-2 nanorods | S. aureus, E. coli | mouse and rabbit | in vitro, in vivo | 1060 nm, 0.6 W/cm2 in mouse, 1.0 W/cm2 in rabbit | Antibacterial, disrupted biofilm, inhibited inflammation, promoted proliferation, adhesion and differentiation of osteoblasts, accelerated implant osseointegration | [82] |
PTT/PDT/electron transfer | GO/NCDs/Hap/Ti | S. aureus, E. coli | rat | in vitro, in vivo | 808 nm, 0.5 W/cm2 | Generation of photocurrents between the material and cells, leading to Ca2+ flow, accelerated migration, adhesion, and differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts in vitro; electron transfer inhibited the adenosine triphosphate process of bacteria, synergized with PTT and PDT to eliminate tibial infections and inhibit inflammation; promoted angiogenesis | [83] |