Fig. 9

Bifunctional Biomaterials for bone tumors. A Schematic illustration of the synthetic and therapeutic mechanisms of BP-BG scaffolds for the stepwise treatment of osteosarcoma. B Transmission electron microscopy images of BP nanosheets dispersed in simulated body fluids on days 0 and 4. Scale bar: 0.5 μm (left), 50 nm (right). C The high-angle annular dark field image and P, Ca, and O elemental mappings after 4 d of biodegradation. Scale bar: 50 nm. D Confocal fluorescence images (scale bar, 200 μm) and E H&E staining (top, scale bar 1 mm; middle and bottom, scale bar, 400 μm) of newborn bone tissue at the site of cranial defects in Sprague-Dawley rats implanted with BG and BP-BG scaffolds at week 6. Reproduced with permission [111]. Copyright 2018, Wiley-VCH. F Schematic diagram of the anti-tumor mechanism of CuP@PPy-ZOL NPs via synergistic PDT/PTT/CDT. G 3D micro-CT reconstruction images of metastatic tumor tibia at different angles in a mouse model of breast cancer bone metastasis after different treatments. H Schematic diagram of the interaction mechanism of MDA-MB-231 cells with RAW264.7 cells and MC3T3-E1 cells before and after treatment. I Scanning electron microscope images and energy dispersive X-ray elemental mapping of calcium on the cranial surface of RAW264.7 cells cultured with skull bone for 7 days after different treatments. Reproduced with permission [116]. Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH