Fig. 11

Phototherapy techniques for RA effector cells clearance. A Schematic illustration of VIP-HA-Au NR@CuS NPs for the treatment of RA. B Transmission electron microscope images of Au NR (left), Au NR@CuO NPs (center), Au NR@CuS NPs (right). Scale bar: 20 nm (left), 50nm (middle), 50nm (right). C EDS elemental mapping images of Au NR@CuS NPs. D Clinical index of RA and E paw thickness of RA mice after treatment at different time points. *p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. F Joint morphology of RA mice before and after treatment. Reproduced with permission [170]. Copyright 2021, Elsevier. G Schematic illustration of the mechanism of HRPS NPs in the treatment of RA. Reproduced with permission [160]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society. H Schematic diagram of V-HAGC NPs for the treatment of RA by energy inhibition/CDT/PTT. I Live/dead staining images of FLS after different treatments. Scale bar: 100 μm. L Joint morphology and M H&E and Safranin-O staining images of RA mice treated with PBS, ATO + GOx, V-HC NPs and V-HAGC NPs with or without 808 nm irradiation. Scale bar: 100 μm. Reproduced with permission [163]. Copyright 2022, American Chemical Society