Table 1 Application of several advanced biomaterials and strategies of combination therapy in PTT for malignant bone tumors

NPs

chemotherapy

Fe₃O₄ NPs/ZOL

ICG

ZOL-modified PLGA

Magnetic targeting/Bone targeting/Controlled drug release

[22]

chemotherapy

GNPs/mesoporous silica/MOF/ BYL719/ cisplatin

ICG

BYL719/ cisplatin

Tumor targeting/Photoacoustic imaging

[55]

PDT

AgBiS₂ NPs

AgBiS₂ NP

ROS

CT imaging/Antibacterial

[192]

immunotherapy

GNR/PEI/cGAMP/anti-PD-1

GNR

cGAMP/anti-PD-1

Reverse immune tolerance

[216]

BC scaffolds

chemotherapy

TCP scaffold/TiN microparticles/DOX

TiN microparticle

DOX

Multiple therapeutic platform

[129]

PDT

Inorganic CaSiO₃ bioceramic/Fe

Fe

ROS

Mechanical support/ Osteogenesis

[133]

immunotherapy

Biodegradable bioglass scaffold/Nb₂C MXene NS/Mesoporous silica/R837

Nb₂C@Si NS

R837/anti-PD-1

Robust immune memory

[215]

Hydrogels

chemotherapy

Hybrid methylcellulose hydrogel/Curcumin-loaded microspheres

IR820

Curcumin

Controlled drug release/Osteogenesis

[145]

chemotherapy

PDA/ n-HA/ cisplatin/oxidized sodium alginate/CS

PDA

Cisplatin

Sustained drug release/Osteogenesis

[148]

PDT

PNT-gel

ICG

ROS

Controlled release ICG by gel-sol transition

[237]

antibacterial therapy

GelMA hydrogel/MXene NSs/SP/PDA

PDA and MXene

TOB

Osteogenesis

[238]

Polymers

bone regeneration

CPC/Co-TCPP MOF/GO

GO

Co ions

Osteogenesis

[159]

antibacterial therapy

PEEK/Graphene NSs/Stearyltrimethylammonium chloride-hydroxyapatite

Graphene NS

Stearyltrimethylammonium chloride-hydroxyapatite

Antibacterial/Osteogenesis/Multiple therapeutic platforms

[162]

bone regeneration

PCL/SrCuSi₄O₁₀ NS

SrCuSi₄O₁₀ NSs

Sr, Cu, and Si ions

Controlled and sustained ions release/Osteogenesis

[167]