Fig. 1

A States of GelMA solution before and after freezing. B The swelling ratio test of hydrogel immersed in water for different times after photo-crosslinking. Two-phase solution in the inset is the optical image of the emulsion morphology when the PEO concentration is 0.8%. C Compression and bending resistance tests of GelMA hydrogel. D Frequency-sweep oscillatory tests. Schematic diagram (E) and fluorescence images (F) of rhodamine B-labeled hydrogels. G SEM pictures of hydrogel without PEO (left) and with PEO (right). H Viability test of S. boulardii. The cells were cultured in YPD medium for 4 h. After culturing with H₂O₂ (5 mmol/L) and the extraction solution of GelMA and GelMA + PEO hydrogel for 24 h, the samples were stained by PI. BF (Bright field); PI (PI positive cells). Bar = 50 μm. I PI positive cells of S. boulardii cultured with different component solutions. J Budding rate (an indicator of cell reproductive ability) of S. boulardii cultured with H₂O₂ (5 mmol/L) and the extraction solution of GelMA and GelMA + PEO hydrogel for 24 h. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001