Fig. 4

Early stage of proteomic changes. Bubble plots represent the biological processes of A downregulated and B upregulated proteins in the 4C1E hydrogel compared with 100C. The vertical axis shows the significantly enriched biological processes, and the horizontal axis represents the fold enrichment corresponding to the biological processes. Fold enrichment indicates the percentage of differentially expressed proteins divided by all proteins within a certain gene ontology (GO) term. C Expression of CALM1,2,3 in HDFs within hydrogels at 0 h and 72 h, quantified via qRT-PCR. D Changes in Ca2 + related protein S100A4 (depicted in green) in HDFs (with tubulin depicted in red) with or without BAPTA-AM (100 μM) treatment in 4C1E, as compared to those in 100C, observed through confocal imaging. E Analytical data derived from the images in D. Data are represented as mean ± SD of triplicate analyses. * p < 0.05