Table 4 Summary of LNP-based mRNA delivery strategies targeting APCs and T cells
From: mRNA nanodelivery systems: targeting strategies and administration routes
Delivery systems | Formulation (mol%) | Administration Route | Targeting features | Properties of mRNA NPs | Target cells | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Size (nm) | Zeta (mV) | pKa | ||||||
Passive targeting | ||||||||
 LNP | YK009: DSPC: Chol:DMG-PEG2000 50: 10: 38.5: 1.5 | i.m. | Clathrin- and caveolae-mediated endocytosis Different ester bond position Two branched saturated tails with different lengths | 93.2 ± 3.5 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 6.512 | DCs | [208] |
 LNP | PPZ-10: DOPE: Chol: C18PEG2000 35: 16: 46.5: 2.5 | i.v. | PPZ-A10 (piperazine-based lipids with shorter C10 carbon chains) | 98.3 | / | 7.0 | Kupffer cells(60%) Spleen macrophages(50%) Spleen DCs(30%) Liver DCs(20%) | [209] |
 LNP | MC3: DOPE: β-sitosterol: DMG-PEG2000 50: 10: 38.5: 1.5 | i.m. | DOPE and β-sitosterol | 95 ± 5 | -0.1 ± 3 | / | DCs | [210] |
 LNP | C14-4: DOPE: Chol (7α-hydroxycholesterol): DMG-PEG2000 35: 16: 46.5: 2.5 | / | 25% 7α- hydroxycholesterol | ~100 | ~-8 | ~6.25 | Primary human T cells | [211] |
 PLN | PLGA core Lipid layer (70% DOPE + 30% DOTMA) | / | 70% DOPE and 30% DOTMA | ~250 | ~-10 | / | DCs | [212] |
 PLN | cationic polymer (SW-01) core PEG-lipid shell | i.m. | Size Lipid composition | ~200 | / | / | DCs at injection site DCs in spleens and lymph nodes | [213] |
Active targeting | ||||||||
 LNP | DLin-DMA: DSPC: Chol (mannosylation): DMG-PEG2000 40: 10: 48: 2 | i.m. i.d. | Active targeting (Mannosylation) Disaccharide | 151.1 ± 0.86 | / | / | APCs | [214] |
 LNP | ALC-0315: PC: Chol: PEG-lipid 50: 10: 38.5: 1.5 Conjugated with anti-CD5 antibody | i.v. | Active targeting (anti-CD5 antibody) | 80 | / | / | T cells | [215] |
 LNP | PbAE/ PGA-anti-CD8 | i.v. | Active targeting (anti-CD8 antibody) | 106.9 ± 7.2 | 4±2 | / | T cells | [216] |
 APN | MC3: DSPC: Chol: DMPE-PEG2000 50: 10: 38.5: 1.5 Conjugated with pMHCI molecules | i.v. | Active targeting (pMHCI molecules) | 107.9 ± 7.34 | -22.73 ± 4.7 | / | Ag-specific T cell subsets | [217] |