Fig. 7

BP-modified injectable hydrogel microsphere system (GelMA/BP/Mg) with strong Mg²⁺-trapping ability for the treatment of osteoporotic bone defects. a Graphical illustration of the construction of GelMA-BP-Mg microspheres and capturing principle of Mg²⁺. b Surface characterizations of the prepared microspheres as confirmed by SEM. c In vitro vascularization, mineralization, and osteoclast inhibition of the composite microspheres. d Micro-CT-based radiographic analysis of the promoted cancellous bone regeneration induced by the injectable hydrogel microspheres (GelMA-BP-Mg) in rats with osteoporotic bone defects at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery. e Histological observation of the in vivo new bone formation and vascularization of different composite microspheres. Images reproduced from [33], © 2021 American Chemical Society