Fig. 4

Cell-laden 3D-bioprinted tissue engineered bone substitutes with excellent osteogenic potential for repairing bone defects. a In vitro osteogenic performances of GelMA hydrogel scaffold loaded with BMSCs and ECs prepared by 3D-bioprinting technology. b CLSM observation of the in situ 3D seeding of BMSCs and RAOECs. c In vivo bone repair effect of the cell-loaded GelMA hydrogel on a rat critical-sized calvarial defect model as confirmed by micro-CT evaluation. Images reproduced from [26], © 2022 Elsevier© 2022 American Chemical Society. d Graphic description of the 3D bioprinting, in vitro and in vivo experimental procedures used to test the hybrid hydrogel composed of GelMA/HAMA, alginate, GO, rBMMs, and rBMSCs. e Graphic illustration of the bioink composition in two channels. f Morphological characterization of different 3D bioprinted scaffolds. g In vivo bone regeneration of rat calvarial defects implanted with different hydrogel scaffolds. Images reproduced from [27], © 2022 American Chemical Society