Fig. 16

3D-bioprinted nanoengineered hydrogel (GelMA/CQDs) with photoactivated drug delivery for tumor apoptosis and simultaneous bone regeneration via macrophage immunomodulation. a The optimized printing parameters for the GelMA-Y bioink. In addition, representative digital photographs and microscopic images of the 3D printed GelMA-Y hydrogels were recorded. b Cytotoxicity evaluation of the MG-63 cells after irradiation with an 808 nm NIR laser. A hypothetical drawing of NIR-triggered hypothermia and ROS-induced bone tumor irradiation was also provided. c The M2 polarization of Raw 246.7 cells cultured on different hydrogel scaffolds in vitro. d In vitro osteogenic properties of hBMSCs after 14 d of incubation in a macrophage-conditioned media(M-CM). e In vivo bone regeneration capability of the 3D-printed GelMA-Y scaffolds in a rat skull defect model. Images reproduced from [59], © 2023 Wiley–VCH GmbH