Fig. 15

3D-bioprinted hydrogel as bioactive and biodegradable bone scaffolds for accelerated bone regeneration. a 3D bioprinting process of GelMA hydrogel integrated with BMSCs, RAW264.7 and BMP-4-loaded MSNs. b Osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in the composite scaffolds. c Polarization and inflammatory regulation of loaded RAW264.7 macrophages in the hybrid hydrogels. d In vivo therapeutic efficacy of diabetic bone defects induced by the 3D-bioprinted hydrogel scaffolds in a calvarial defect model. Images reproduced from [41], © 2020 Elsevier. e Schematic description of released bioactive ions from the 3D-printable GelMA-PEGDA/SiPAC hydrogel scaffolds with improved angiogenesis and osteogenesis for augmented vascularized bone repair. f SEM images of the printed hydrogel scaffolds. g Significantly increased expression of osteogenic marker genes (OPN and RUNX2) induced by the hybrid hydrogels after immunofluorescence staining. h In vitro angiogenesis evaluation of HUVECs cultured on the hydrogel scaffolds. (i) Accelerated bone regeneration of calvarial defects treated with GelMA-PEGDA/SiPAC hydrogel scaffold as shown in micro-CT reconstructed images. Images reproduced from [35], © 2021 Wiley–VCH GmbH