Fig. 13

Photosensitive and conductive hydrogel incorporating BP@Mg into GelMA for antimicrobial and innerved bone regeneration of infected bone defects. a Schematic illustration of the GelMA-BP@Mg (GBM) hydrogel. b SEM images of different hydrogel scaffolds. c Photothermal properties of the GelMA-BP@Mg (GBM) hydrogel scaffolds subjected to NIR irradiation. d Evaluation of the photothermal antibacterial properties of the GBM hydrogel in vitro. e In vitro osteogenic potential of the GBM hydrogel via OPN and Runx-2 immunofluorescence staining. f Schematic description of the experimental process for establishing rat models with infected skull defects. In addition, in vivo infrared thermographic photographs and antibacterial properties of the hydrogels after NIR laser irradiation were performed. g Micro-CT images and quantitative analysis of infected bone defects treated with hydrogels at weeks 4 and 8. Images reproduced from [50], © 2022 Wiley–VCH GmbH