Fig. 12

Bioactive metal ion composite with GelMA hydrogels with excellent osteoinductive potential for treating bone defects under specific circumstances. a Morphological observations of 3D-printed Sr-MBGN-loaded hydrogel scaffolds. b Micro-CT evaluation of in vivo bone healing in a type II diabetic rat critical-sized bone defect model with 3D-printed Sr-MBGN-loaded hydrogel scaffolds at 4 and 8 weeks after implantation. c The related upregulated genes collected from the GO enrichment of osteogenesis function presented in the heatmap. d The immunoregulatory effect of Sr-MBGN-loaded hydrogel scaffolds on TIID BMSCs. e GFP and FAK expression representative of angiogenesis in HUVECs with different hydrogel groups. Images reproduced from [46], © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. f Schematic description of the fabrication and multifuntionality of GMNG hybrid hydrogel scaffold. g New bone formation induced by GMNG hydrogels as determined by micro-CT reconstruction and fluorochrome-labeling analysis at 12 weeks after implantation. h The in vivo photothermal anti-infective capability of GMNG hydrogel in infectious bone defects. Images reproduced from [48], © 2023 Wiley–VCH GmbH