Fig. 4
From: Current aspects of small extracellular vesicles in pain process and relief
MSC-sEVs for pain relief. MSC-sEVs can be delivered in various ways. The analgesic effects of MSC-sEVs have been verified in various pain models. They promote axonal growth and myelin regeneration, protecting neurons. They alleviate the activation of astrocytes and microglia and promote the transition of M1 to M2 macrophages. Additionally, MSC-sEVs inhibit mast cell degranulation and modulate the Th1/Th17 ratio while promoting Treg cells. MSC-sEVs: mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicle; DPN: diabetic peripheral neuropathy; OA: osteoarthritis; TP: tendinopathy pain; CCI: chronic constriction pain; SNL: spinal nerve ligation; EPA: experimental autoimmune prostatitis; SCI: spinal cord injury; SNI: spared nerve injury