Fig. 1
From: Current aspects of small extracellular vesicles in pain process and relief
sEVs biogenesis and uptake. sEVs are formed by creating early endosomes, which then progress to late endosomes. Various contents, including nucleic acids and proteins, are loaded into the sEVs during this process. MVBs fuse with the cell membrane upon completion to release the small EVs, while larger EVs can be directly exocytosed. These sEVs target other cells through diverse pathways, primarily via fusion or endocytosis. MVBs: multivesicular bodies; sEV: small extracellular vesicle