Fig. 6

Examples of melanoma-skin models. a The main risk factors for melanoma. b Tissue-engineering approaches for the fabrication of in vitro melanoma models. Three-dimensional skin substitutes representing various stages of melanoma progression: (i) melanocyte located between epidermis and dermis; (ii) cell cluster formation by melanoma cells at the basement membrane; (iii) melanoma cell invasion into the dermis; (iv) aggressive invasion of melanoma cells into the dermis [53, 54]. c) In-bath bioprinting of melanoma cell aggregates with perfusable vascular channel [55]. d) In-bath bioprinting of melanoma stroma with blood and lymphatic vessel pair [56]. Reprinted with permission from Ref. [53,54,55,56]