Fig. 1

Construction of glial scar-GBM in vitro and in vivo models. a i) Schematic representing the distribution of astrocytes and microglia in the scar formation. ii) Timeline for the in vitro glial scar-GBM assembloid construction. b Time-lapse images of the glial scar formation in vitro. c Confocal images of the assembloid showing astrocytic and microglial distribution. d Morphology of astrocytes at the PT and AT region of the GBM assembloid. e Length/width (L/W) ratio of astrocytes at the PT and AT region (n = 10). f Distribution of astrocytes (GFAP⁺) and microglia (Iba1⁺) in accordance with GBM in vivo. g Morphology of astrocytes at the IT, PT and AT regions of in vivo model. h-i Quantification of GFAP⁺ and Iba1⁺ cells in the IT, PT, and AT regions (n = 9). j L/W ratio of GFAP⁺ cells in the PT and AT regions (n = 10). Quantitative data were presented as means ± SD (n = 3, unless otherwise noted). *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; ****, p < 0.0001. p values were calculated by two-tailed unpaired Student's t-test. Scale bars represent 100 μm (b, c, g), 25 μm (d, g insets), 200 μm (d), 1000 μm (f). IT, intra-tumor; PT, peri-tumor; AT, away from tumor; GBM, glioblastoma; MG, microglia; AC, astrocytes