Fig. 8

(A) Fundamental schematic diagrams of decellularization. (B) Porcine coronary artery layers and evaluation of the decellularization efficacy: i) detailed images of the native and decellularized carotid artery wall with the identification of the wall layers. In the native vessel, the internal and external elastic laminas between each layer are indistinguishable, while they can be easily identified in the decellularized scaffold. The scale bar is 200 μm. ii) Hematoxylin–eosin staining of the entire section (native, wholly and partially decellularized scaffold) – scale bar is 500 μm; iii) DAPI immunofluorescence at magnification × 40 showing a nuclear loss in the middle picture and complete cell removal on the right side) scale bar is 100 μm. Reproduced with permission [112]. Copyright 2022, Frontiers Media SA. (C) Biomechanical properties of the native, decellularized, and cross-linked arteries. *p < 0.05, significantly different from the native arteries. Reproduced with permission [114]. Copyright 2019, Springer Nature