Table 1 Preparation of iPSCs for personalized medicine

Reprogramming Techniques

Lentiviruses

iPSCs produced from adult fibroblast

Treatment with valproic acid increased cell proliferation

[21]

Lentiviruses

iPSCs produced from mouse tail-tip fibroblast

Porphyra 334 increased the effectiveness of cell reprogramming

[22]

Sendai viruses

iPSCs produced from peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Heterozygous frameshift mutation in C19orf12 brought by the insertion

[23]

Episomal plasmids

iPSCs produced from mononuclear cells

No serious adverse events related to CYP-001

[24]

Episomal plasmids

iPSCs produced from mouse embryonic fibroblast with small molecules

Tenfold increase in reprogramming efficiency

[25]

Episomal plasmids

iPSCs produced from a peri-infarct area

Endogenous brain repair, reduced inflammation and glial scar formation

[26]

Episomal plasmids

iPSCs produced from an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patient’s cell

5-hydroxymethyl cytosine levels increase the reprogramming

[27]

Circular DNA plasmids

iPSCs produced from B16F10 cells

Did not form teratomas, suppression of tumorigenic abilities

[28]

mRNA

iPSCs produced from neurons

Purified and differentiated into hair cell-like cells and neurons

[29]

mRNA

iPSCs produced from urine-derived cells

Generating feeder-free bulk hiPSC lines without genomic abnormalities

[30]

Small molecules

iPSCs produced from mouse embryonic fibroblasts

Facilitates both in vitro and in vivo alterations in cell fate

[31]

Small molecules

iPSCs produced from neural stem cells

Melatonin promoted N-iPSC proliferation

[32]

CRISPR-Cas9

iPSCs produced from skin biopsies

Generate gene-edited hiPSCs from carrying a point mutation

[33]

Epigenetic modifications

iPSCs produced from mouse fibroblasts

Reconfigurations rapidly propel deterministic reprogramming toward naive pluripotency

[34]

C9ORF72-mutated

iPSCs produced from fibroblasts and peripheral blood cells

iPSCs and motor neurons derived from the two tissues showed identical properties and features

[35]

CtIP protein

iPSCs produced from mouse embryonic fibroblast

DNA repair fidelity to both human and mouse iPSCs

[36]

hiPSC3F-FIB or hiPSC4F-FIB

iPSCs produced from human fibroblasts and fetal neural stem cells

Does not alter subsequent differentiation into neural lineages

[37]

Integrated at the AAVS1 locus

iPSCs produced from neuron cells with neurogenin 2 transgene

In LOPAC, tau-lowering compounds has been identified

[38]

OSKM factors, absence of LIF

iPSCs produced from mouse embryonic fibroblasts

No tumor formation but formation of clear hyaline, hypertrophic cartilage

[39]

Six different reprogramming methods

iPSCs produced from fibroblasts and reprogramed by Lentivirus, Sendai, MiniCircle, Episomal, mRNA, and microRNA

Best results showed by Sendai-virus-based reprogramming

[40]

iPSC Expansion

Stirred based bioreactors

Expansion of macrophages generated from peripheral blood CD34 + cells-derived iPSCs

Highly pure CD45 + CD11b + CD14 + CD163 + cells, act like professional phagocytes

[41]

Stirred based bioreactors

1 ~ 4 × 10⁷ iPSCs-derived macrophages can be harvested weekly

The ongoing, precise creation of iPSC-Mac populations

[42]

Vertical-wheel bioreactors

Expansion of human iPSCs as aggregates in single-use bioreactors

Expand iPSCs to expand cells up to 2.3 × 10⁶ (Maximum cell density)

[43]

Vertical-wheel bioreactors

With a cumulative cell expansion of 1.06 × tenfold in 28 days, the expansion is 30 times in 6 days

Rapid generation of high-quality hiPSCs

[44]

Vertical-wheel bioreactors with GelMA microcarriers

8-day cell growth that increased 16-fold, differentiation, and immune modulation capacity

Robust, scalable, and cost-effective with translational potential

[45]

Spinner flask bioreactors

Primary macrophages with cytokine release, phagocytosis, and chemotaxis

Synthesis of genetically altered, iPSC-derived macrophages on a large scale

[46]

Hydrogel-based 3D culture

Promotes endothelial-network formation and identifies angiogenesis inhibitors

Superior sensitivity and reproducibility over Matrigel

[47]

Hydrogel-based 3D culture

Fibroblasts formed tiny clusters, spheroids, short segments and on day 20, lengthy segments

The production of closed, inexpensive devices and iPSCs is more rapid, reliable, and scalable

[48]

Transwell-based 3D culture

In vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro nephrogenic potential, able to produce metabolites that resemble urine

A platform for renal disorders, drug discovery, and human nephrogenesis

[49]

Multi-culture flasks

Glycogen synthase kinase-3b suppression, CHIR99021 causes a massive proliferation of hiPSC-CMs in vitro (100- to 250-fold)

Expanding hiPSCs for use in tissue engineering and drug screening in a large-scale

[50]

Chemically defined culture medium

Human skin fibroblasts or peripheral blood mononuclear cells are used to create iPSCs

Differentiation into three embryonic germ layers

[51]

Chemically defined culture medium

hiPSCs with increased metabolic activity derived from blastocysts or somatic cells

GMP-friendly methods for the manufacturing and processing of therapeutic hiPSC

[52]

Plate shaker based liquid handler

Cell seeding, splitting, expansion, differentiation image-based multiparametric screening

NPC's neuronal differentiation in 3D midbrain organoids and 2D culture

[53]

Culture dishes coated with polymer

Create particles with zwitterionic polymer that resemble hyaline cartilaginous tissue and type II collagenopathy

Mass production of chondrocytes and cartilaginous tissues used for drug screening

[54]

Establishment of iPSC Line

Mutagenized iPSC line

CRISPR/Cas9-dependent reprogramming iPSCs

Development of loss-of-function disease models

[55]

Heterozygous COL1A1 mutation iPSC lines

Karyotype expressed pluripotency markers

Osteogenesis imperfecta disease mechanisms

[56]

Homozygous/heterozygous iPSC lines

CRISPR-Cas9 dependent reprogramming

Generation of two isogenic iPSC lines

[57]

KCNA2 mutation iPSC lines

KCNA2 point mutation for produce induces pluripotent stem cells

Expression of pluripotency markers, differentiation into three germ layers

[58]

Footprint-free iPSC lines

Whole-genome sequencing-based annotated iPSCs lines

Personal Genome Project Canada for personalized iPSC line

[59]

cGMP-manufactured hiPSC lines

Can produce retinal cells

A human iPSC line that has been used to create transplantable photoreceptors

[60]

CD34 + hematopoietic cells iPSC lines

CD34 + hematopoietic stem cells from peripheral blood

The production and characterization of three hiPSC lines compatible with GMP

[61]

Process Automation

Fully automated

Microcolonies throughout a 7-day period, sensitivity of 88%, and 98% detection specificity

label-free sensing and mother colony maintenance

[62]

Fully automated

Retinal pigment epithelial cells are produced using TECAN Fluent automated cell culture

A commercially available platform called end-to-end workflow

[63]

Automated reprogramming process

Platform for differentiated cells that uses robotics and human involvement

Population-scale personalized iPSC line

[64]

Automated reprogramming, isolation, and expansion process

Expression of the TRA-1–60 marker for pluripotent stem cells

Commercialized iPSCs line establishment

[65]

Automated cell culture process

The cell yields, aggregation rates, and expression were higher in non-centrifugation populations

Successfully transferred to independent laboratories

[66]

Automated cell culture process

Differentiated into dopaminergic neurons, pancreatic cells, and pancreatic hormones

Differentiated into three germ layers

[15]

Automated quality assessment process

A k-NN classifier with three potential classes has the best accuracy (62,4%) for classification

Automatic evaluation of iPSC colony image quality

[67]

Biologically inspired AI-based automated process

More adaptable and capable of resolving a wide variety of optimization issues

A necessary simulation is introduced along with the proper model fitting technique

[68]