Fig. 4

Specialized applications of iPSCs for personalized medicine. a Personalized hydrogels for engineering diverse fully autologous tissue implants, which were efficiently generated by combining autologous iPSCs and extracellular matrix. As both the cells and the hydrogels are derived from the patient, they do not induce an immune response. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [175]. b The first-in-human clinical trial of iPSC-derived platelets (iPLAT1). The iPLAT1 study completed the administration of iPSC-platelets for the first time and confirmed the safety in an allo-PTR patient who would otherwise have no HPA-compatible donor. No adverse events were observed during the administration of autologous iPLAT1. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [177]. c Development of an engineered exosome delivery system. The engineered exosomes, BT-Exo-siShn3, targeted osteoblasts specifically and contained siRNA to silence the Shn3 gene, which enhanced osteogenic differentiation and decreased autologous RANKL expression. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [178]. d Drug screening platform using iPSCs derived from a patient with ultrarare diseases. The iPSC platform validated the safety and efficacy of the screened drugs. The efficacy of the screened drugs was also investigated in a patient with Leigh-like syndrome, who showed an enhanced physical state after three years of clinical trials. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [179]