Fig. 2

Preparation and automation of iPSCs for personalized medicine. a Mass production of human iPSCs in stirred-tank bioreactors. Hematopoietic differentiation of human iPSCs in stirred-tank bioreactors. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [41]. b Scalable system for iPSC generation, where uniform gelatin methacryloyl microcarriers are fabricated via the microfluidic-based emulsification process. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [45]. c Nanopuncture-assisted iPSC reprogramming via the intracellular delivery of mini-intronic plasmids (MIP) and human neonatal dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [79]. d A microfluidic device is designed to create a transient membrane hole in the cell surface when they are passed through the device because of the rapid deformation of cells. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [80]. e Long-term maintenance of human iPSCs by an automated cell culture system, which helps human iPSCs maintain their undifferentiated state for 60 days. Human iPSCs generated by this system can differentiate into three germ layer cells as well as dopaminergic neurons and pancreatic cells. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [15]. f An automated procedure for the iPSC line expansion through culturing and reprograming from human fibroblast in a controlled clean room environment. This platform is designed with a liquid handling unit, incubator, robotic arm, microscope, picker, plate reader, centrifuge, and microtiter plate. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [65]