Fig. 6

Ga³⁺ inhibited iron-induced osteoclastogenesis meditated by ROS via NF-κB signaling pathways. (A) Intracellular iron content after Ga³⁺ treatment. (B) Representative confocal images of intracellular ROS generation in BMMs. (C) BMMs cells were treated with Ti or Ti-Ga alloy extracts and RANKL (50 ng mL^− 1). Cell lysates were subjected to Western blotting analysis for p-P65, P65 and IκB. (D) Immunofluorescence measured the translocation of P65 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. (E) Molecular targets of Ga³⁺ action on osteoclast precursor cells differentiation